How many types of intelligence are there and how to adapt teaching to each of them

For decades, education was totally focused on the idea that intelligence is measured only through the intelligence quotient. However, the research carried out by Howard Gardner and his theory of multiple intelligences radically changed this perspective. Today we know that intelligence is not a single and closed concept, but that it manifests in different forms and that each person can stand out in one or several of them.

Understanding how many types of intelligence are there and how they are reflected in learning not only answers a frequent question among families and teachers, but also offers the opportunity to adapt teaching so that each student, even those currently in Primary education, can develop their full potential.

How many types of intelligence are there?

Howard Gardner, psychologist at Harvard University, identified seven types of intelligence in 1983 in his book Frames of Mind. Later on, he added an eighth, naturalistic intelligence, and opened the door to other possible ones. Currently, most experts agree that there are eight multiple intelligences recognized.

Logical-mathematical intelligence

It is the one most associated with abstract reasoning, problem solving, logic, and scientific thinking. Students with this developed intelligence enjoy numbers, patterns, and challenges that involve analysis and deduction.

Linguistic intelligence

It is related to the ability to express oneself effectively, either orally or in writing. People with this type of intelligence excel in reading, storytelling, creative writing, or learning languages.

Spatial intelligence

It is linked to the ability to think in three dimensions, visualize objects, and create mental representations. Students with this profile usually enjoy drawing, design, architecture, or construction games.

Musical intelligence

It refers to sensitivity to sounds, rhythms, melodies, and tone. These students find it easy to play instruments, sing, compose, or quickly recognize musical structures.

Kinaesthetic intelligence

It is related to the use of the body to express oneself or solve problems. Children with this type of intelligence learn better through movement, physical practice, and tactile experimentation. They often stand out in sports, dance, or performing arts.

Intrapersonal intelligence

It is the ability to know oneself, understand emotions, strengths, and weaknesses. Students with high intrapersonal intelligence show introspection, autonomy, and a clear awareness of their personal goals.

Interpersonal intelligence

It is linked to the ability to understand others, empathize, communicate, and work in teams. These students are often natural leaders, good mediators, and enjoy collaborative activities.

Naturalistic intelligence

The last one incorporated by Gardner. It refers to sensitivity towards nature, the environment, and living beings. Students with this intelligence enjoy observing natural phenomena, taking care of animals, and exploring the environment.

How should teaching be adapted to types of intelligence?

One of the great contributions of Gardner’s theory is that it invites teachers to design learning experiences that respond to the diversity of the classroom. It is not about pigeonholing students, but about offering varied opportunities that enhance all intelligences.

• Logical-mathematical intelligence: it can be stimulated with activities that include experiments, problem solving, logic games, or research projects.
• Linguistic intelligence: it is key to encourage reading, creative writing, debates, or dramatization of texts.
• Spatial intelligence: it is developed through the use of maps, diagrams, models, visual art, or digital applications that require design.
• Musical intelligence: it is advisable to incorporate songs to memorize concepts, rhythmic activities, or the creation of simple compositions.
• Kinaesthetic intelligence: it can be integrated through learning based on movement, practical experiments, dramatizations, or sports related to the contents.
• Intrapersonal intelligence: it is reinforced with personal reflection activities, learning journals, goal setting, and mindfulness practices.
• Interpersonal intelligence: it is stimulated through cooperative work, group projects, peer tutoring, or conflict resolution dynamics.
• Naturalistic intelligence: it is strengthened with outdoor excursions, environmental science projects, school gardens, or activities related to biodiversity.

The theory of multiple intelligences reminds us that there is no single way to learn. Each student has a different profile, and recognizing it is essential for them to achieve academic and personal success. Schools face the challenge of offering methodologies that not only impart knowledge, but also value different ways of thinking and creating.

At international schools such as Hastings School, the educational approach seeks precisely that diversity: recognising each student’s unique talents and creating an environment in which everyone can shine.

In this sense, teaching should be understood as a flexible and dynamic process, where the important thing is not only to transmit knowledge, but also to foster empathy and autonomy, shaping individuals who are capable of understanding themselves, relating to others and caring for the world around them.

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